Hypersonic Aircraft

Army and Weapons | Hypersonic  Aircraft |  Well this is the information about Hypersonic  Aircraft, this is a history of Hypersonic  Aircraft are Hypersonic flight is flight through the atmosphere at speeds above about Mach 5.5, a speed where disassociation of air begins to become significant and high heat loads exist. Hypersonic flight has been achieved by the Space Shuttle's orbiter, the Apollo command module, Buran and scramjets. The V-2 rocket, first used in World War II by the Germans and later used by the United States in its early rocketry work, was the first manufactured object to achieve hypersonic flight. In February 1949, its upper stage reached a maximum velocity of 5,150 miles per hour (8,288 kilometers per hour) bmore than five times the speed of sound Template:Altitude needed. 

The vehicle, however, burned on re-entry, and only charred remnants were found. In April 1961, Russian Major Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel at hypersonic speed, during the world's first piloted orbital flight. Soon after, in May 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American and second person to achieve hypersonic flight when his capsule reentered the atmosphere at a speed above Mach 5 at the end of his suborbital flight over the Atlantic Ocean. In June, Air Force Major Robert White flew the X-15 research airplane at speeds over Mach 5, and broke his own record in November, reaching Mach 6.7.

Launched from a standard runway, a hypersonic aircraft could fly faster than Mach 5 to strike anywhere in the world within two hours. It would also have enough thrust to deliver a satellite to low-Earth orbit. How they work: To get off the ground from a runway, a hypersonic plane would either hitch a ride on a conventional plane, or have its own conventional jet engine. That engine would carry the hypersonic craft to an altitude where air density and resistance are less. Here it would reach supersonic speeds and then shift to its scramjet engine. The scramjet scoops up air and mixes it with fuel so it burns as the mixture flows through the engine at supersonic speeds. This means scramjets can achieve some of the speed of a rocket without having to carry heavy oxidiser (to mix with fuel), as rockets do.

The technology is immature, with many engineering issues unresolved. Scramjets engines can not start until the plane flies faster than the speed of sound. Plus, hypersonic flight has so far only been demonstrated for small unpiloted craft carried to high speed by other vehicles - and other planned experimental craft are too small to carry a pilot.

Read More

F-22 Raptor

Army and Weapons | F-22 Raptor | F-22 Raptor, The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is a single-seat, twin-engine fifth-generation supermaneuverable fighter aircraft that uses stealth technology. . Program partner Boeing Defense, Space & Security provides the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.Despite a protracted and costly development period, the United States Air Force considers the F-22 a critical component of U.S. tactical air power, and claims that the aircraft is unmatched by any known or projected fighter, while Lockheed Martin claims that the Raptor's combination of stealth, speed, agility, precision and situational awareness, combined with air-to-air and air-to-ground combat capabilities, makes it the best overall fighter in the world today.

 

The high cost of the aircraft, a lack of clear air-to-air combat missions because of delays in the Russian and Chinese fifth-generation fighter programs, a U.S. ban on Raptor exports, and the ongoing development of the planned cheaper and more versatile F-35 resulted in calls to end F-22 production. The Raptor fleet has resumed flight operations, but problems with the oxygen systems have continued to be reported.

Production termination

In December 2007, the USAF requested continued production beyond the planned 183 F-22s.
On 24 September 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill funding continued production of the F-22.  On 5 January 2001, Raptor 4005 flew with the Block 3.0 software, which was the first combat-capable avionics version.[100] In June 2009, Increment 3.1 was tested at Edwards Air Force Base. This provided a basic ground-attack capability through Synthetic Aperture Radar mapping, 

 

Electronic attack and the GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb. The Increment 3.1 Modification Team with the 412th Test Wing received the Chief of Staff Team Excellence Award for upgrading 149 Raptors. The fleet upgrade should start at the end of 2011.[103] An additional $808 million will be spent in 2013 to implement the 3.1 upgrade. The first upgraded aircraft were delivered in early 2012. F-22 Raptor Andrews Air-force Base Upgrading the first 183 aircraft to the 3.2 upgrade is estimated to cost $8 billion.The F-22 Raptor is a fifth generation fighter that is considered a fourth-generation stealth aircraft by the USAF. Its dual afterburning Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofans incorporate pitch axis thrust vectoring, with a range of ±20 degrees.

Avionics

The F-22's avionics include BAE Systems E&IS radar warning receiver (RWR) AN/ALR-94,[151] AN/AAR 56 Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet MAWS (Missile Approach Warning System) and the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-77 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. ." It has a greater range (250+ nmi) than the radar, allowing the F-22 to limit its own radar emissions to maximise stealth.  The AN/APG-77 AESA radar The AN/APG-77 radar, designed for air superiority and strike operations, features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically-scanned array that can track multiple targets in any weather. The AN/APG-77 changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to lower interception probability. Additionally, radar emissions can be focused in an electronic-attack capability to overload enemy sensors. The radar's information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor (CIP)sThe radar has an estimated range of 125–150 miles, though planned upgrades will allow a range of 250 miles (400 km) or more in narrow beams.

Cockpit

The F-22 uses a glass cockpit with no analog flight instruments. A side-stick controller and two throttles are the main flight controls. The stick is force sensitive and has limited movement. The cockpit interior lighting is fully night-vision goggle compatible. The monochrome head-up display by GEC (which has since become BAE Systems) offers a wide field of view and serves as a primary flight instrument for the pilot; information is also displayed upon six color liquid crystal display (LCD) panels.

The integrated control panel (ICP) is a keypad system for entering communications, navigation, and autopilot data. The ejection seat is a version of the ACES II (Advanced Concept Ejection Seat) commonly used in USAF aircraft, with a center-mounted ejection control. Carrying missiles and bombs internally maintains its stealth capability and maintains lower drag resulting in higher top speeds and longer combat ranges. This reduces the Raptor's chance of detection by enemy radar systems due to launched ordnance and also allows the F-22 to launch long range missiles while maintaining supercruise. The cannon fire is tracked by the aircraft's radar and displayed on the pilot's heads up display

Stealth

The F-22 was designed to disguise its infrared emissions, reducing the threat of infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles, including its flat thrust vectoring nozzles.. Furthermore, the F-22 has a Signature Assessment System, which presents warning indicators when normal wear-and-tear degrades the aircraft's radar signature to the point of requiring substantial repair work.

Variants

    YF-22A – pre-production version used for ATF testing and evaluation. Two were built.
    F-22A – single-seat production version. Was designated "F/A-22A" in early 2000s.
    F-22B – planned two-seat variant, but was dropped in 1996 to save development costs.

Read More

Deadly KAI T-50 Golden Eagle

Army and Weapons | Deadly KAI T-50 Golden Eagle | The T-50 Golden Eagle is a family of South Korean supersonic advanced trainer and multirole fighters, developed by Korea Aerospace Industries beginning in the late 1990s. The T-50 is the first indigenous South Korean supersonic aircraft and one of the only supersonic trainer in the world. It took its first flight in 2002 and went active duty with the Republic of Korea Air Force in 2005.

Read More

Deadly Russian Sukhoi T50 PAK FA

Army and Weapons | Deadly  Russian Sukhoi T50 PAK FA | The Sukhoi PAK FA or Perspektivny aviatsionny Kompleks frontovoy aviatsii, literally "Prospective Airborne Complex Frontline Aviation is a twin-engine jet fighter developed by Sukhoi OKB for the Russian Air Force. The Sukhoi T-50 is the prototype of the PAK FA. PAH FA is one of only a handful of stealth jet programs worldwide.

Read More

Deadly Sukhoi Su-34, The Fullback

Army and Weapons | Deadly Sukhoi Su-34, The Fullback | The Sukhoi Su-34 (export designation: Su-32, NATO reporting name: Fullback) is a Russian twin-seat fighter-bomber. It is intended for the Sukhoi Su-24 replacement.

Read More

Deadly Sukhoi Su-30

Army and Weapons | Deadly Sukhoi Su-30 | The Sukhoi Su-30 (NATO reporting name Flanker-C) is a twin-engine, two-seat military aircraft developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation Russian. It is a multirole fighter for all-weather, air-air and air to ground missions deep ban.

Read More

Deadly Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut

Army and Weapons | Deadly Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut | The Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut (Russian: Су-47 Беркут - Golden Eagle) (NATO reporting name Firkin), also known as S-32 and S-37 (not to be confused with the twin-engined delta-canard design  offered by Sukhoi in the early 1990s under the name Su-37) during the first development, was an experimental supersonic jet fighter developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. A distinctive feature of the aircraft, the forward-swept wing  that the device gave an excellent agility and maneuverability. While the series production of the type never came, the sole aircraft produced served as a technology demonstrator prototype for a number of advanced techhnologies later used in the 4.5 generation fighter SU-35BM fighter and the current 5th generation Sukhoi PAK FA prototype.

Read More

Deadly McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet

Army and Weapons | Deadly McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet | The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F/A-18 Hornet is a supersonic, all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet, designed for air combat and attack ground targets (F / A for Fighter / Attack). Designed by McDonnell Douglas and Northrop, the F/A-18 was derived from his YF-17 in the year 1970 for use by the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Hornet is also used by the air forces of several other countries. It is the aerial demonstration aircraft for the flight of U.S. Navy Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels since 1986.

Read More

Deadly F-16 Fighting Falcon

Army and Weapons | Deadly F-16 Fighting Falcon | General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a multirole jet fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority fighter days, he has become a successful all-weather multirole aircraft. More than 4,400 aircraft built since production was approved in 1976. Although no longer be bought by the U.S. Air Force, are improved versions are still built for export customers. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which in turn became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta.

Read More

Deadly F-22 Raptor : The King on The Air

Army and Weapons | Deadly F-22 Raptor : The King on The Air | The Lockheed Martin / Boeing F-22 Raptor is a single-seat, twin engine of the fifth generation super-maneuverable fighter that uses stealth technology. It was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but has additional features that fall to the ground, electronic warfare and signals intelligence roles to take. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor and is responsible for most of the airframe, weapon systems and final assembly of the F-22. Program partner Boeing Defense & Space Security provides the wings, rear fuselage, avionics integration and training systems.

Read More

Deadly Dassault Rafale

Army and Weapons | Deadly Dassault Rafale | Dassault Rafale is a twin-engine multirole combat aircraft made by Dassault Aviation of the fourth generation of the French language, capable of operating on land or on the aircraft carrier, a duck on the front and delta-shaped wings.

In 1983, Dassault signed a two-Experimental Combat Aircraft (ACX) Demonstration of the French government, and in the 1980s European countries like Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Britain agreed to develop a new fighter plane together, but in 1985 France decided to develop its own planes in the Rafale is a separate unit and other countries to develop other aircraft that finally, we know that the Eurofighter Typhoon .
Rafale A demonstrator prototype aircraft first flew July 4, 1986 to test the basic design of aerodynamic evaluation konvigurasi Delta Duck, resilience, FBW control systems and aircraft structural materials, plans to use the machine Snecma M88-2 turbo delayed because the plane was not ready and finally using a demonstrator machine GE General Electric F404 afterburning turbofan-400 as used on the F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, production orders started in 1983, other tests for M88 test preformance engine flying and landing mode before the Rafale A ship will retire in 1994. Typhoon made its maiden flight in March 1994, but the Rafale is a test of various series of three years (Rafale C01, Rafale M01, Rafale B01 first flew in May 1991, December 1991 and April 1993).

Combat systemRafale elektron integrated system named SPECTRA which is equipped with stealth technology with a program based virtual, using passive sensors Thales RBE-2 multi-mode radar and Thales said they had reached tingka t that has not been done before, situational awareness through early detection and target tracking double air for close combat and long-term interceptors, three-dimensional mapping in real time and high resolution for navigation and targeting. Rafale can use several passive sensor systems, electro-optical systems sector of the front or the Front Sector Optronics (OSF) developed by Thales, integrated into the aircraft and work well in infrared wavelengths that appears .

SPECTRA electronic warfare system developed by Thales and EADS France, is the optimization of the aircraft with high survivability assets terhad AP air and ground threats in real-time data link allows communication not only with other aircraft, but also mobile on land and the control center. Rafale also use electro-optical pod of Damocles laser designation for LGB (laser guided bomb) a day, despite the ability of entrusted LGB on the Mirage 2000.
Rafale core systems using integrated modular avionics (IM A) or also called UPDT (Modular Data Processing Unit), this architecture includes all the essential functions of the aircraft as a flight management system includes data fusion, Fire Control, HMI and others. The total value of the protection system radar, electronic equipment and aircraft is about 30% of the cost of production equipment, the ground attack capabilities are limited due to lack of bombs tower, but will be enhanced by the Thales Optronics Reco added recognition NG / Aeros and Damocles targeting pods to F3 standard.

The new radar Thales RBE 2 AA Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar is planned to replace the passive scanner RBE 2, Thales will begin shipping the new radar in August 2010 for the fourth installment of the Rafale, a total of 60 slices four aircraft have been ordered, the first squadron is expected EASA carrier began operations in 2012, Thales said that the AESA radar will improve the operational aircraft in this range, the interceptors and tracking capabilities.
Cockpit with ejection seats (ejection seat) brand Mark Martin Cook R-16E, where his abilities by using the altitude zero speed to zero, the seat is tilted 29 degrees to the back to increase the tolerance of the Force G, hinged canopy open on the right, the system for producing oxygen on board to minimize the use of double tubes of oxygen.
The cockpit includes holographic head-up (HUD) with a wide angle, two-piece flat panel color multifunction (MFD) and collimated the splay at the center, the use of leather gloves lined with silk as a tool in the development of touch input drivers will Setra Head Mount Display (HMD). Stick controller located on the right side and the throttle on the throttle stick to the left and menggabubgkan function (HOTAS) controls, the cockpit of the Rafale is planned using direct voice input (DVI) which allows pilots using the voice command action.
Armament:* Guns: 1 x 30 mm (1:18 in) GIAT 30/719B cannon with 125 rounds.Anchor *: 14 for the Rafale B / C, for 13 Rafale M with a capacity of 9,500 kg (21,000 lb) external fuel and ammunition.* Missiles:Water to water:* MICA IR / EM* Magic II* MBDA MeteorAir-ground:* MBDA ApacheScalp EG ** AASM* GBU-12 Paveway II* AM 39 Exocet* ASMP-A nuclear missile* Other:* Thales Damocles targeting pods* Reco NG reconnaissance pods* Up to 5 drops tanks

Read More

Deadly Saab JAS 39 Gripen

Army and Weapons | Deadly Saab JAS 39 Gripen | JAS-39 Gripen is a multi-role fighter jet berpenggerak single Swedish-made Saab Aerospace Company, as the product of the pride of the Swedish JAS Gripen native has also been used by the Air Force Czech Republic, Hungary, South Africa and Thailand, prepared for the Gripen fighter aircraft to replace the old Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen fighter as the fourth generation of modern technology.

The development of Gripen began in 1982 after Parliament approved the use of the name comes from the abbreviation JAS Jack Attack Spanning and name Gripen (Griffin) taken from a public competition to name the new Swedish aircraft.Sweden chose to develop the Gripen rather than selecting a series of variants of the F-16, F-18, F-5S and F-20 Tigershark because it believed in the ability of its own.

Gripen was first flown on 26 April 1987 at Saab's 50th anniversary and the first prototype flew on 9 December 1988.The development of Gripen project done with BAE Systems and in 1995 a consortium of companies dibetuk Saab-BAe Gripen AB who served as a manufacturing and marketing of the Gripen internationally, this cooperation continues again in 2001 until 2004 and in January 2005 Saab fully responsible for the marketing Gripen.

On 26 April 2007, Norway signed an agreement to participate in the development of Gripen in the future and the contract value is NOK 150 million and lasted for two years, then in June 2007 Thales Norway A / S signed a partnership contract for development of the Gripen system of communication, and in December 2007 from the Danish technology company Terma A / S also participated in the development of technologies with a contract value of USD 10 billion over 10-15 years which also ensures Denmark to vote on 23 April 2008 Gripen.Pada demonstrator version of the dual-seat aircraft is completed, the aircraft also called the Gripen Demo / Gripen E / F or even MS-21, the jet engines used Volvo Aero RM-12 turbofan Glygmotor Volvo production which is the development of jet engines General Electric F-404 A turbofan, the engine is also used by F/A-18 Superhornet, some component parts are made at General Electric USA later in the raft at Volvo Aero in Sweden, has a maximum speed of mach 1.1 with a 80.5/54 kN traction.

Gripen Demo inaugural flight took place on 27 May 2008 lasted about 30 minutes with a maximum altitude of about 6400 meters (21,000 feet) and on 21 January 2009 Gripen Demo flying up to speeds of Mach 1.2 without stopping to test the strength supercruisenya.Gripen new generation Gripen NG or amended by the addition of fuel tank capacity by 40% and a payload capacity of 14000-16000 kg and the addition of two pylon heavy loads, Radar PS-05 / A and the antenna AESA and ready to test in mid-2009.

Saab conducted a study to create versions of a fighter aircraft carriers since the 1990s and in 2009, Saab launched the naval version because of demand from India and Brazil, in 2010 the Swedish Government gave the contract for 4 years to improve the Radar Saab Gripen and other equipment as well as lower operating costs with a plan that would order the latest variant in addition to JAS 39 Gripen NG E / F will be expected to enter the Swedish Air Force in the year 2017.Desain Delta-wing aircraft and Canards wear (a small wing mounted aerodinamic head planes) which serves to obtain optimal control and aerodynamic power during flight maneuvers or take-off and landing, avionics electronic warfare support a more programmatic and make the aircraft capable of carrying weapons without reducing the maximum aerodynamic power

Design Canards indeed serve to help the aircraft to fly in a short runway of about 800 meters in the testing and also can serve as a major brake force that drives the plane down (downforce) to enable the aircraft to stop the wheel in a short distance, the estimated price of the aircraft about 300 billion dollars, quite expensive but pays off with more ability and according to sources from sweden it only takes 2 / 3 the cost of the manufacturing cost of the Saab Viggen.

Gripen radar using the PS-05 / A Pulse Doppler X-band radar developed by Ericsson and Marconi GE based on the Blue Vixen radar used on the Sea Harrier aircraft which successfully resisted the Eurofighter aircraft radar, radar is able to detect, locate, megidentifikasi and automatically track several targets in the areas above and below, the tanh and sea and air in all weather conditions, radar can guide four air-to-air missiles like the AIM-120 AMRAAM, MBDA MICA simultaneously to four different targets, on 7 March 2009 Saab SELEX Galileo signed a partnership with AESA Radar for development based Raven from Selex Galileo AESA Radar Vixen and PS-05 / A, the radar can scan 200 degrees, slightly to the left rear and slightly to the right rear and on 9 September 2009 Gripen International offers a source code of the AESA as a bid Gripen for India.

Has three full color cockpit displays and digital emergency instrument presentation is unique, lay out the cockpit with an interface that allows the pilot work, the control stick and throttle left hand and a larger cockpit 30% of the aircraft class is dominated by three (15.7 x 21 cm) active matrix liquid crystal multi-function display with a wide angle 20 x 28 degrees head-up display (HUD) is equipped with a light sensor to the computer and contrast control.

Gripen is the uniqueness of the plane can be landed on the tarmac highway to refuel from the fuel tank in an emergency and fly again in a moment, the following picture Gripen test flying on the highway with a size of 17 x 800 meters:

Read More

Deadly Eurofighter Typhoon

Army and Weapons | Deadly Eurofighter Typhoon | Eurofighter Typhoon is the fourth-generation multirole fighter aircraft with delta wing design and Canard artificial joint consortium of European nations in Eurofighter GmbH, Eurofighter GmbH Holding Company consists of three leading aeronautical companies such as Alenia Aeronautica (Italy), BAE Systems (United Kingdom), EADS (France, Germany and Spain) which was formed starting in 1986. The project is managed by the NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency. Until now Typoon already used in the British Royal Air Force, Germany Luftwaffe, Italian Air Force, Spanish Air Force and the Austrian Air Force as well as Saudi Arabia has signed purchase contracts worth U.S. $ 9.5 billion for 72 units different from the Dassault Rafale aircraft that has not produced a contract in one negarapun although its development is done together at first.

In 1979 British Aerospace and Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm offer a formal proposal to the government each to form the ECF (European Collaborative Fighter), and in October 1979 Dassault joined and form a tri-national study that became known as the European Combat Aircraft as the beginning of aircraft development and the name was embedded in the Eurofighter aircraft. However, each making its own prototype, France with the ACX, UK with P.106 (Design of lightweight single-engine fighter / similar to Jas 39 Gripen) and P.110 (dual engine design), but the Royal Air Force refused P.106 design for reasons of cost effectiveness with twin engines. West Germany made TFK-90 concept, but in 1981 the ECA project went bankrupt due to various reasons and different needs, Dassault urged to lead the design and asked Britain to give a reference using RB-199 jet engines that are new or jet engines Snecma M88 them.

In April 1982 Panavia partners (BAE, MBB, Aeritalia) launched the program again ACA, ACA design is very similar to the concept P.110 BAE, has a Delta wing, the Canard and twin tail and a striking difference is the replacement of the airways (air intake) in addition to positions on the chin aircraft, the engine uses a modified version of the RB199 jet engine. Government of Germany and Italy to withdraw funds and UK Ministry of Defense agreed to fund 50% and the rest will be borne by the industries involved. MBB and Aeritalia signed up to produce two planes, one at Warton and one on the MBB, In May 1983 BAE announced a contract with the Ministry of Defense for the development and production of an ACA demonstrator or the Experimental Aircraft Programme.

In 1983 Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain launched the Future European Fighter Aircraft (FEFA), this aircraft has a system of STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) and the ability of BVR (Beyond Visual Range), in 1984 the French asked for more capabilities on a plane and want to dominate the leadership and the results are Britain, Italy and Germany came out and formed his own FEFA program. August 1985 in Turin Italy, West Germany and Britain agreed to continue fatherly Eurofighter program, pengunguman confirms also that the French and Spanish did not participate in the program, although it initially did not participate because of pressure spain france spain but reunited in September 1985. France officially announced his resignation and continue the shuttle program ACX again later we are familiar with the Dassault Rafale. In 1986 announced the program costs reached £ 180 million, and when the EAP program begins it should cost be borne jointly by the government and the three related industries but the third agreement the government began to waver and three industries (BAe, MBB and Aeritalia) was forced to issue a £ 100 million to the program keep it running, in April 1986 issued on BAe EAP BAe Warton and partially funded by BAe, MBB and Aeritalia. EAP first flew on 6 August 1986 and with various research and development for 5 years based on a design concept EAP Eurofighter.

The agreement is a British production of the initial 250 units, 250 units of Germany, Italy and Spain 165 units 100 units, part of the production process is divided into the proportion of industry in each country, BAe (33%), DASA (33%), Aeritalia (21% ) and CASA (13%). Munich in 1986 Eurofighter GmbH Jagdflugzeug established to manage project development and Eurojet Turbo GmbH an alliance of Rolls Royce, MTU Aero engines, Fiat Avio and ITP to develop jet engines EJ-200 turbofan, aircraft also called Eurofighter EFA at the end of 1980 and named EF 2000 in 1992.
In the 1990 election radar plane becomes a serious problem, Britain, Italy and Spain support the Ferranti Defence Systems / ECR-90 while the Germans chose based MSD 2000 APG-65 (made by Hughes, AEG and GEC-Marconi). An agreement was reached after UK Defence Secretary to convince the Germans that the British government will bear the cost and include GEC-Marconi in GEC Ferranti Defence Systems to withdraw from the development of MSD 2000. Eurofighter prototype maiden flight took place on 27 March 1994, chief test pilot Peter Weger of DASA test flight around Bavaria, and on 9 December 2004 the prototype Eurofighter Typoon IPA4 undergo three months of Cold Environmental Trial Test (CET) at the air base Vidsel, Sweden. The goal is menverivikasi operational behavior of aircraft and systems in temperatures between -25 and -31 degrees celecius. In May 2007 the Eurofighter Development Aircraft 5 successful first flight using CAESAR Demonstrator which is the development of technology combined with Euroradar Captor AESA (Active electronically Scanned Array). IPA7 inaugural flight was full in the second stage at EADS Manching airfield on 16 January 2008. The production version Captor-E radar is being proposed for the third stage of production Typoon from 2012, the second phase of not using AESA, mechanically scanned Captor-M radar includes a provision that allows the weight and space to upgrade CAESAR (AESA) Standard in the future. Italian Air Force doubted that the AESA radar will be ready in the third stage of production, in July 2010 Eurofighter mengungumkan that the AESA radar will be put into use in 2015.

The first production contract was signed on 30 January 1998 between Eurofighter GmbH, Eurojet and NETMA, the total amount of procurement is as follows: England 232 units, 180 units German, Italian and Spanish 121 units 87 units. Production re-allocated according to the procurement, BAe (37%), DASA (29%), Aeritalia (19.5%) and CASA (14%). On 2 September 1998 the naming ceremony was held in Farnborough UK, given the official name of the export version of the Typhoon, but only at first but opposed by Germany because of the same name Typoon Hawker aircraft RAF bombers during the war with Nazi Germany WWII, again proposed but rejected the name Splitfire again by reason of any aircraft the same name. In September 1998 signed a contract for 148 production aircraft unit in tranche (production stage) the first and the procurement of relatively long time until the second Tranche, in March 2008 the last plane of the first tranch submitted successively to the German Luftwaffe before the second tranche and at 21 October 2008 the first plane of order 91 aircraft in the second tranche has been delivered to RAF Coningsby.
In October 2008 the member states consider to split the 236 Eurofighter aircraft units in the third Tranche into two phases in June 2009. RAF Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy suggested that the RAF's fleet of perhaps only 123 jets from 232 units are planned, in response to a reduction in the number of aircraft British PM Gordon Brown insisted Britain would move forward on the purchase of the third batch. A contract for the first tranche of 3a was signed in late July 2009 for 112 aircraft split to four partner countries, the UK 40 units, 31 units of Germany, Italy and Spain 21 units 20 units. 40 aircraft are said to cover the UK share in the project by Air Commodore Chris Bushell due to more cost given in the project.

Eurofighter Typhoon using lightweight construction made up 82% of the composite consisting of 70% carbon fiber composites and 12% glass reinforced composites with an estimated age of over 6000 flying hours. The aircraft can reach supersonic speeds and low with a high agility thanks to the control system digital quadruplex fly-by-wire which provide artificial stability for the operation of the manual is not enough, also as a warning to pilots not to perform a dangerous maneuver. Roll control is achieved by using flaperon wing, pitch control is by operation foreplanes and flaperons, yaw control with steering. control surfaces moved through two independent hydraulic system incorporated in the aircraft that also provides various other items such as brakes, canopy and wheel plane. any hydraulic system powered by an engine-powered gearbox 4000 psi.
Bisamenggunakan Navigation GPS and inertial navigation systems, Typhoon also using ILS (instrument landing system) for landing in bad weather. The aircraft uses an integrated defense system Aids sub-sytem called Praetorian (formerly called EuroDASS), threat detection using the Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and Laser Warning Receiver (LWR), but only in english version only and Typhoon aircraft protection using chaff, and flares Jaff , Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) and towed Radar Decoy (TWD). Praetorian automatically monitor and respond to the outside world, provides the pilot with all priority assessments of air into the air and surface threats to air and can respond to single or double threat.
The aircraft is also equipped with a distance warning system to the ground referenced TERPROM Terrain Navigation (TRN) as used in the Panavia Tornado, but more enhanced and integrated into cockpit displays. Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS) provides 16 data link. Eurofighter Typhoon has a glass cockpit with no conventional instruments, including three color display Multi-function Head Down Display (MHDDs) (with a format that is manipulated using sotkeys, XY cursor and voice commands (DVI)), Head Up Display (HUD) wide with a FLIR ( Forward Looking Infra Red), Voice and Hands on Throttle and Stick (voice + Hotas), Helmet Mounted System symbology (HMSS) or also known as "Electric Hat", Multi-Function Information Distribution System (MIDS), Manual Data Entry Facility (MDEF ) located on the left glareshield and integrated aircraft warning system Dedicated Warnings Panel (DWP), Reversionari instrument flying with LED lights located on the bottom right-hinged glareshield. The pilot uses a stick in the middle and stick the key in the left hand throttle, emergency exit using a Martin Baker ejection seat with two rocket motors.

DVI Typhoon system tapped Speech Recognition Modules (SRM) developed by Smiths Aerospace (now GE Aviation Systems) and then developed by Computing Devices (now General Dynamics UK) it is DVI the first system used in the military cockpit, DVI provides the pilot with fashion additional nature of command and control over the approximately 26 non-critical functions of the cockpit to reduce pilot workload, improve aircraft safety and expand the mission capabilities. An important technological breakthroughs during the development of DVI occurred in 1987 when Texa Instruments manufactures TMS-320-C30 Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a major advance in the packaging of DVI from large complex systems to a single module card. Early progress that could enhance the ability of the system, this project was continued in July 1997 with the development and assessment of pilots in the Active Cockpit Simulator Eurofighter BAE Systems Warton.

DVI is a speaker dependent system that requires each pilot to create a template, it is not used for these tasks are critical safety and weapons such as weapons or open a door down below but is used for the other cockpit functions. Voice command is confirmed by the vision and auditory feedback, the system is seen as the main design features in reducing pilot workload and even allows the pilot to set targets for himself with two simple commands or to one of his wingmen with only five commands. In the standard plane G-force protection provided by clothing Full Cover Anti-G Trousers (FCAGTs), this special was developed to provide protection up to 9g pressure. Typhoon Pilot German and Austrian air forces wearing a G hydrostatic called Libelle (Dragonfly) Multi-G plus it also provides protection to the arm, theoretically providing a complex of stress tolerance G.

Armament * Guns: 1 x 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon with 150 rounds Revolver. * Hardpoints: a total of 13: 8 under the wings, a 5-under fuselcage with freight load 7500 kg max. * Missiles: * Air to Air Missiles: AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-132 ASRAAM, AIM-120 AMRAAM, IRIS-T, MBDA Meteor. * Air to Surface Missiles: AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-88 HARM, Storm Shadow / Scalp EG, Brimstone, Taurus KEPD 350, Penguin and AGM Armiger. * Bombs: Paveway II / III / Enhanced Paveway Laser Guided Bombs, JDAM, HOPE / HOSBO. * Other tools: * Flares / Infrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod. * Electronics Counter Measures (ECM) pods. * Litening III Laser targeting pods. * Up to three drop tanks.

Read More

Deadly Chengdu J-10 by China

Army and Weapons | Deadly Chengdu J-10 by China | PLAAF aircraft Chengdu J -10 is the fourth-generation multirole fighter-made china developed since 1988 by the Chengdu, for 5 years of testing, test and training, finally in March 2003 J-10 passed the test to become a military aircraft in China. Resmii operated for the first time China's military in July 2004 at the Fleet Air Yuanan Prov. While the two series-10S A new crew officially in 2005. Aircraft Industries Corporation as a continuation of the Chengdu J -9 aircraft project. At first the development of J-10 is assisted by Israeli aircraft in the technology side bebobot lightweight, aerodynamic design, systems control "fly-by-wire" inspired by a prototype fighter aircraft made by Israel IAI Lavi. After the tragedy of Tiananmen began in 1990 china embargoed by the United States and the West Country. Mid-1990s Russia helped the development and supply of turbo jet engines Lyulka AL-31 F as the engine driving the jet.

And during 2004 to 2006, about 100 units of samples berpenumpang a crew and two crews that have been submitted to the PLA-AF. And China is estimated to require about 300 aircraft for the Air Force needs China. Sophistication and a cheaper price to make countries in the world to start very interested to order J-10 aircraft, as Paskitan, Iran and Thailand. And in March 2007, Chief of Pakistan Air Force St ap order of 32 to 40 units of J-10 fighter that will be delivered in 2009.
However, in 2005 the PLA air force tried to replace the turbo jet engine with a homemade jet engine that is Woshan WS-10 A Taihang turbofan previously created for a prototype fighter Shenyang J-11 and setela h through a series of trials began to be used officially began in 2006.

J-10 can do battle in the air and surface attack. The aircraft has 11 external hook for the various weapons. Or it can bring the target acquisition, navigation pods or fuel tanks berpenuntun tambahan.sedang PL-12 radar-homing air-to-air guided missile and PL-8-infrared missile tracker. To attack the surface of the J-10 took up to six laser guided bombs of 500 kg, 90-mm conventional bombs. The aircraft is also equipped with a single barrel 23-mm cannon.J-10 is equipped with pulse-doppler radar fire control, to be able to track 10 targets simultaneously and attack four of them. Estimated maximum detection range is 100 miles. The aircraft is also equipped with a fly-by wire system.
Variants that have been produced are:

    J-10 A: The first variant is still a Russian turbofan engines.
    J-10 S: variant as a trainer aircraft with a single seat or double seat.
    J-10 B: a variant with the latest improvements and new machinery homemade.
    J-10 c: variant carriers base the possibility powerful twin engines of the future.
    FC-20: new variant of Pakistan jointly developed countries.

Airframe and AvionicsConstructed from metal alloys and composite materials for strength and low weight, aerodynamic layout of the fuselage-wing configuration was adopted "tail-less delta canard". A large delta wing mounted in the middle toward the back of the plane, while a pair of canards (or foreplanes) are mounted higher and toward the front of the plane, behind and under the cockpit. This configuration provides a very high agility, especially at high speeds. A large vertical tail is present on the plane and a small belly fins under the fuselage provide further stability.
A rectangular air intake located under the fuselage, providing air supply to the engine. Also under the wing of the plane and there are 11 hook, used to carry various types of weaponry and an additional tank containing extra fuel.Landing gear consists of a pair of steering wheel under the air intake and two main gear wheels at the rear of the plane.

The cockpit is covered by two parts kanopicembung that provide 360-degree visual coverage for the pilot. appointed to the upper canopy mechanism for entry and exit. Control plane takes the form of a conventional center stick and throttle stick to the left of the pilot. also include the function of "Hands On Throttle And Stick" (Hotas) control. A zero-zero ejection seat is provided to pilots, enabling the bringing-up safe in an emergency even at zero altitude and zero speed.
AvionicsFlight Control SystemBecause the aerodynamic design of J-10 is not stable, digital flight control system quadruplex-redundant fly-by-wire to help the pilot fly the plane. Aircraft designer of China Yang Wei claimed to be the lead designer of the flight control system of a fly-by-wire, although this is disputed by the analysis of Richard Fisher who stated that the consultant who developed the system of Israel. flight control computer provides automatic flight coordination and keep the aircraft from entering potential dangerous situations such as accidental spills or slipping. because This frees the pilot to concentrate on tasks defined during the battle.
Instrument flightInformation is provided visually to the pilot through three LCD Multi-function (MFD) in the cockpit. Chief designer Han Zhou flight instrumentation panel in charge of both design of CRT display in the early stages of development and design of the LCD then the currently adopted by the J-10 in his duties.
LCD display panel at the latest to enter service after 2000. LCD displays and CRT displays prior to J-10 (as used WZ-10, J-11 and JH-7) produced by Suzhou Long Wind Plant Machinery, later reorganized as the AVIC Radar and Avionics Equipment Research Institute.
In addition to flight instrumentation, a hol ogram head-up display (HUD) China is also present. HUD shows the importance of aviation and war-related information such as targeting cues. It can also be used as radar coverage, this feature is believed to be inspired by Russian aircraft HUD, which allows the pilot to keep his eyes focused at infinity while working with his radar. Monochrome images of electro-optical avionics pods (FLIR and targeting pods) can also be displayed on the HUD. HUD is designed to overcome the problems with HUD Russian aircraft, which experienced significant problems when the fogging will digun in tropical and humid zones in China, because they were originally designed to be placed in the dry Arctic regions / sub-Arctic zone. The modular design of the HUD system databus architecture and the use of MIL-STD-1553B allows HUD from the West to be integrated if desired by the user.

Electronic WarfareAn internal set of electronic counter-measures (ECM) had been due to attend, which can be equipped with an active jammer pods carried as external BM/KG300G the hook plane. Besides a pod KZ900 signals intelligence (SIGINT) can be brought to reconnaissance missions.
An infra-red search and track (IRST) system developed by Sichuan Changhong Electric Appliance Corporation, Hongguang type-I (Rainbow Light-I) Electro-Optical Radar integrated with J-10. This is the third generation using the optronics system antenna with the ability to focus HgCdTe infra-red imaging (ImIR). Receiving certification on March 3, 2005 and subsequently entered service with the PLAAF, the system was announced to the public one year later at a conference in China's Sichuan province, where the system is demonstrated to the visiting officials. Based on the limited information released, Hongguang Type-I has a maximum range of 75 km.

Although Hongguang Type-1 is designed to be lighter and more compact than similar Russian system that can be mounted on the nose J-10 while leaving sufficient room for a suitable radar, current production model J-10 did not have enough space and must carry an external version in one of the hook plane. However, recently released a variant of the modification of the J-10 with what is believed to be the IRST device mounted to the upper right side of the nose (depending on variant). Hongguang Type-I is also designed to be compatible with Chinese fighter J-11 Shenyang, Shenyang J-8 and Xian JH-7, as well as the Xian H-6 bombers and fighter planes China-Pakistan JF-17.
According to officials Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation J-10 uses a multi-mode radar fire-control designed in China. The radar has a scan mechanism and the planar array antenna capable of tracking 10 targets. Of the 10 targets tracked, two can move together with radar homing missile semi-active or 4 can be actively involved with missile-tracking radar.
Radar is believed to be designed by the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET), with the name of KLJ-10 and the smaller variant is claimed to be installed on JF-17 fighter aircraft. Trust is based on technology from Russia, Israel, or a combination of both, the radar should be comparable to Western fighter aircraft radar design in the 1990s. It also may be replaced with other more advanced radar in the export version of J-10. FIAR Italy (now SELEX Galileo) Grifo 2000/16, has offered to Pakistan Air Force for installation on a J-10, On June 14, announced by Chinese state media that the version of the J-10 has been equipped with a radar array in stages.

In the exhibition of China's military-related technology, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) system developed by Chinese organizations have been displayed. It is believed that the J-10 that is integrated with such a system to assist pilots in aircraft targeting musuh.J-10 also appeared in photographs and models bring FILAT (Forward-looking Infra-red Laser Attack Targeting) pod for targeting the laser targets and Sky Blue forward looking infra-red (FLIR) pod for flight in low visibility.

General characteristics

•     Crew: 1 (basic), 2 (trainer variant)
•     Length: 15.5 m (50 ft 10 in)
•     Wingspan: 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)
•     Height: 4.78 m (15.7 ft)
•     Wing area: 39 m² (419.8 ft²)
•     Empty weight: 9,750 kg (21,495 lb)
•     Loaded weight: 14,876 kg (32,797 lb)
•     Useful load: 4,500 kg (9,920 lb)
•     Max takeoff weight: 19,277 kg (42,500 lb)
•     Powerplant: 1× Saturn Lyulka AL-31FN orWS-10A Taihang turbofan

        Dry thrust: 79.43 kN / 89.17 kN (17,860 lbf / 20,050 lbf)
        Thrust with Afterburner: 122.5 kN / 132 kN (27,557 lbf / 29,101 lbf)

Performance

•     Maximum speed: Mach 1.9 at altitude, Mach 1.2 at sea level
•     g-limits: +9/-3 g (+88/-29 m/s², +290/-97 ft/s²)
•     Combat radius: 550 km (341 mi)
•     Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)
•     Wing loading: 335 kg/m² (69 lb/ft²)
•     Thrust/weight: .89

Armament

•     Guns: 1× 23mm twin-barrel cannon

•     Hardpoints: 11 in total (6× under-wing, 5× under-fuselage) with a capacity of 6,000 kg (13,228 lb) external fuel and ordnance
•     Rockets: 90 mm unguided rocket pods
•     Missiles:
•         Air-to-air missiles : PL-8, PL-9, PL-11, PL-12
•         Air-to-surface missiles : PJ-9, YJ-9K
•     Bombs: laser-guided bombs (LT-2), glide bombs (LS-6) and unguided bombs
•     Others:
•         Up to 3 external fuel drop-tanks (1× under-fuselage, 2× under-wing) for extended range and loitering time

 

Read More